| PLANETARY SPACECRAFT |
| NAME | LAUNCH DATE | BOOSTER | WEIGHT lb (kg) |
MISSION |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pioneer 5 (USA) | 11-Mar-60 | Thor-Able | 95 (43) | First deep-space probe, returned data from a distance of 22.7 million miles (36.5 million km). |
| Mars (USSR) | 10-Oct-60 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,410 (640) | Mars probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Mars (USSR) | 14-Oct-60 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,410 (640) | Mars probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Sputnik 7 (USSR) | 4-Feb-61 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,410 (640) | Venus probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Venera 1 (USSR) | 12-Feb-61 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,419 (644) | Passed within 62,000 miles (100,000 km) of Venus but failed before encounter. |
| Mariner 1 (USA) | 22-Jul-62 | Atlas-Agena | 445 (202) | Venus probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Venera (USSR) | 25-Aug-62 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Mariner 2 (USA) | 27-Aug-62 | Atlas-Agena | 447 (203) | First successful fly-by of Venus. Found heavy atmosphere and hot surface, no magnetic field. |
| Venera (USSR) | 1-Sep-62 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Venera (USSR) | 12-Sep-62 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Mars (USSR) | 24-Oct-62 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Mars probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Mars 1 (USSR) | 1-Nov-62 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,970 (893) | Mars probe, passed within 120,000 miles (193,000 km) of Mars but failed before encounter and before mid-course correction. |
| Mars (USSR) | 4-Nov-62 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Mars probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Cosmos 21 (USSR) | 11-Nov-63 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Venera (USSR) | 19-Feb-64 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Cosmos 27 (USSR) | 27-Mar-64 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Zond 1 (USSR) | 2-Apr-64 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Venus probe, passed within 62,000 miles (100,000 km) of Venus but failed before encounter. |
| Mariner 3 (USA) | 5-Nov-64 | Atlas-Agena | 575 (261) | Mars probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Mariner 4 (USA) | 28-Nov-64 | Atlas-Agena | 575 (261) | First successful fly-by of Mars. 21 pictures returned. Found cratered surface, no canals or flowing water. Mostly carbon dioxide atmosphere, 1 per cent of Earth's sea-level pressure. |
| Zond 2 (USSR) | 30-Nov-64 | SL-6/A-2-e | 1,960 (890) | Mars probe, passed within 930 miles (1,500 km) of Mars but failed before encounter. |
| Venera 2 (USSR) | 12-Nov-65 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,123 (963) | Venus fly-by, probe failed at encounter. |
| Venera 3 (USSR) | 16-Nov-65 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,120 (960) | First Venus atmosphere entry, failed to return data. |
| Cosmos 96 (USSR) | 23-Nov-65 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,120 (960) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Pioneer 6 (USA) | 16-Dec-65 | Delta | 135 (61) | Solar probe, orbiting Sun inside Earth's orbit. |
| Pioneer 7 (USA) | 17-Aug-66 | Delta | 135 (61) | Solar probe, orbiting Sun outside Earth's orbit. |
| Venera 4 (USSR) | 12-Jun-67 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,439 (1,106) | First successful Venus atmosphere entry. Returned data to within 15.5 miles (25 km) of surface. Entry probe 845 lb (383 kg). |
| Mariner 5 (USA) | 14-Jun-67 | Atlas-Agena | 540 (245) | Venus probe fly-by, 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from planet. |
| Cosmos 167 (USSR) | 17-Jun-67 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,425 (1,100) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Pioneer 8 (USA) | 13-Dec-67 | Delta | 145 (66) | Solar probe, orbiting Sun outside Earth's orbit. |
| Pioneer 9 (USA) | 8-Nov-68 | Delta | 148 (67) | Solar probe, orbiting Sun inside Earth's orbit. |
| Venera 5 (USSR) | 5-Jan-69 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,490 (1,130) | Venus atmosphere probe, 893 lb (405 kg). Crushed during descent. |
| Venera 6 (USSR) | 10-Jan-69 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,490 (1,130) | Venus atmosphere probe, 893 lb (405 kg). Crushed during descent. |
| Mariner 6 (USA) | 24-Feb-69 | Atlas-Centaur | 911 (413) | Mars fly-by probe, returned data and 75 pictures. |
| Mariner 7 (USA) | 27-Mar-69 | Atlas-Centaur | 911 (413) | Mars fly-by probe, returned data and 126 pictures. |
| Mars (USSR) | 27-Mar-69 | SL-12/D-1-e | 7,035 (3,190) | Mars probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Mars (USSR) | 2-Apr-69 | SL-12/D-1-e | 7,035 (3,190) | Mars probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Pioneer E (USA) | 27-Aug-69 | Delta | 148 (67) | Solar probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Venera 7 (USSR) | 17-Aug-70 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,600 (1,180) | Venus atmosphere entry probe, 1,091 lb (495 kg). First successful to survive to surface. |
| Cosmos 359 (USSR) | 22-Aug-70 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,600 (1,180) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Mariner 8 (USA) | 8-May-71 | Atlas-Centaur | 2,273 (1,031) | Mars probe, failed to achieve Earth orbit. |
| Cosmos 419 (USSR) | 10-May-71 | SL-12/D-1-e | 10,250 (4,650) | Mars probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Mars 2 (USSR) | 19-May-71 | SL-12/D-1-e | 10,253 (4,650) | Mars probe. Returned data from orbit but lander failed to return any data. |
| Mars 3 (USSR) | 28-May-71 | SL-12/D-1-e | 10,253 (4,650) | Mars probe. Returned data from orbit but lander failed after reaching surface. Entry probe 1,400 lb (635 kg); surface payload 992 lb (450 kg). |
| Mariner 9 (USA) | 30-May-71 | Atlas-Centaur | 2,270 (1,030) | First successful Mars orbiter. Returned over 7,000 pictures of surface and moons. |
| Pioneer 10 (USA) | 3-Mar-72 | Atlas-Centaur | 570 (258) | First successful fly-by of Jupiter. |
| Venera 8 (USSR) | 27-Mar-72 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,602 (1,180) | Venus atmosphere entry probe, 1,090 lb (495 kg). Returned air and surface data from day side. |
| Cosmos 482 (USSR) | 31-Mar-72 | SL-6/A-2-e | 2,600 (1,180) | Venus probe, failed to leave Earth orbit. |
| Pioneer 11 (USA) | 6-Apr-73 | Atlas-Centaur | 571 (259) | Jupiter probe. First successful fly-by of Saturn providing detailed view of ring structure. |
| Mars 4 (USSR) | 21-Jul-73 | SL-12/D-1-e | 8,710 (3,950) | Mars probe, failed to achieve orbit. Returned fly-by data. |
| Mars 5 (USSR) | 25-Jul-73 | SL-12/D-1-e | 8,710 (3,950) | Returned data from Mars orbit. |
| Mars 6 (USSR) | 5-Aug-73 | SL-12/D-1-e | 8,710 (3,950) | Mars fly-by. Lander returned 150 sec of data during descent. |
| Mars 7 (USSR) | 9-Aug-73 | SL-12/D-1-e | 8,710 (3,950) | Mars fly-by. Lander probe failed to enter Mars atmosphere. |
| Mariner 10 (USA) | 3-Nov-73 | Atlas-Centaur | 1,109 (503) | First TV pictures of Venus fly-by. Three fly-by encounters with Mercury. |
| Hellos 1 (US/FRG) | 10-Dec-74 | Titan-Centaur | 816 (370) | Solar probe orbiting within 0.3 AU of Sun. |
| Venera 9 (USSR) | 8-Jun-75 | SL-12/D-1-e | 10,884 (4,936) | Venus lander. Returned data and first TV pictures from surface. Orbiter returned data. Entry sphere 3,440 lb (1,560 kg); surface payload 1,455 lb (660 kg). |
| Venera 10 (USSR) | 14-Jun-75 | SL-12/D-1-e | 11,098 (5,033) | Venus lander returned data and pictures from surface. Orbiter returned data. Entry sphere 3,440 lb (1,560 kg); surface payload 1,455 lb (660 kg). |
| Viking 1 (USA) | 20-Aug-75 | Titan-Centaur | 7,497 (3,400) | Mars orbiter returned pictures and data. First successful Mars landing. Returned pictures and data. Orbiter 5,125 lb (2,224 kg); lander surface weight 1,270 lb (576 kg). |
| Viking 2 (USA) | 9-Sep-75 | Titan-Centaur | 7,497 (3,490) | Mars orbiter returned pictures and data. Mars lander returned pictures and data. Orbiter 5,125 lb (2,224 kg); lander surface weight 1,270 lb (576 kg). |
| Hellos 2 (US/FRG) | 15-Jan-76 | Titan-Centaur | 830 (376) | Solar probe orbiting within 0.29 AU of Sun. |
| Voyager 2 (USA) | 20-Aug-77 | Titan-Centaur | 1,797 (815) | Fly-by probe of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Returned pictures and data. |
| Voyager 1 (USA) | 5-Sep-77 | Titan-Centaur | 1,797 (815) | Fly-by probe of Jupiter and Saturn. Returned pictures and data. Discovered volcanoes on Io, Jupiter ring, new Saturn moons and ring structure. |
| Pioneer-Venus 1 (USA) | 20-May-78 | Atlas-Centaur | 1,283 (582) | Venus orbiter, returned pictures and data. |
| Pioneer-Venus 2 (USA) | 8-Aug-78 | Atlas-Centaur | 1,993 (904) | Venus bus, released four entry probes before encounter. Returned data from surface. |
| ICE (USA) | 12-Aug-78 | Delta | 478 (217) | Originally launched as International Sun-Earth Explorer 3 (ISEE-3). Transfer to escape trajectory and renamed International Comet Explorer. First ever comet fly-by on 2-Sep-85 of Giacobini-Zinner Comet. |
| Venera 11 (USSR) | 9-Sep-78 | SL-12/D-1-e | 9,812 (4,450) | Venus fly-by probe, returned data. Lander returned atmosphere and surface data, descent payload 3,528 lb (1,600 kg). |
| Venera 12 (USSR) | 14-Sep-78 | SL-12/D-1-e | 9,837 (4,461) | Venus fly-by probe, returned data. Lander returned atmosphere and surface data, descent payload 3,554 lb (1,612 kg). |
| Venera 13 (USSR) | 30-Oct-81 | SL-12/D-1-e | 9,620 (4,363) | Venus fly-by probe, first color pictures of surface. Conducted first soil analysis at landing site, descent payload 3,627 lb (1,645 kg). |
| Venera 14 (USSR) | 4-Nov-81 | SL-12/D-1-e | 9,620 (4,363) | Venus fly-by probe, returned color pictures of landing site and conducted analysis of soil, descent payload 3,627 lb (1,645 kg). |
| Venera 15 (USSR) | 2-Jun-83 | SL-12/D-1-e | 11,574 (5,250) | Venus orbiter. radar surface mapper. |
| Venera 16 (USSR) | 7-Jun-83 | SL-12/D-1-e | 11,819 (5,360) | Venus orbiter. radar surface mapper. |
| Vega 1 (USSR) | 15-Dec-84 | SL-12/D-1-e | 10,850 (4,920) | Venus lander and French atmosphere balloon probe. Halley's Comet fly-by 6-Mar-86. |
| Vega 2 (USSR) | 21-Dec-84 | SL-12/D-1-e | 10,850 (4,920) | Venus lander and French atmosphere balloon probe. Halley's Comet fly-by 9-Mar-86. |
| Sakigake (Japan) | 7-Jan-85 | Mu-3SII | 305 (138) | First Japanese deep space probe. Distant Halley's Comet fly-by 11-Mar-86. |
| Giotto (ESA) | 2-Jul-85 | Ariane 1 | 1,265 (574) | First close encounter with a comet. Halley's Comet fly-by 14-Mar-86. |
| Suisei (Japan) | 18-Aug-85 | Mu-3SII | 308 (140) | Japanese deep space probe. Distant Halley's Comet fly-by 11-Mar-86. |
| Phobos 1 (USSR) | 7-Jul-88 | SL-12/D-1-e | 13,715 (6,220) | Mars probe failed due to telemetry message error. |
| Phobos 2 (USSR) | 12-Jul-88 | SL-12/D-1-e | 13,715 (6,220) | Mars orbiter, contact lost before planned fly-by of the moon Phobos. |
| Magellan (USA) | 4-May-89 | Shuttle/IUS | 7,662 (3,475) | Venus orbiter, radar surface and gravity field mapper; arrived at Venus 10-Aug-90. First spacecraft to lower its orbit by using planet's atmosphere (aerobraking). |
| Galileo (USA) | 18-Oct-89 | Shuttle/IUS | 5,985 (2,715) | Jupiter orbiter, atmosphere probe. First fly-by of an asteroid, 951 Gaspra Oct-91 and 243 Ida Aug-93. First Jupiter atmosphere entry, returned 58 min of data. Arrived at Jupiter 7-Dec-95; disintegrated in Jupiter atmosphere 21-Sep-03. Orbiter 2,846 lb (1,291 kg); entry probe 739 lb (335 kg). |
| Ulysses (ESA/US) | 6-Oct-90 | Shuttle/IUS | 818 (371) | Jupiter gravity assist International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM). |
| Mars Observer (USA) | 25-Sep-92 | Titan III/TOS | 4,630 (2,100) | Mars orbiter, contact lost before entering orbit. |
| Wind (USA) | 1-Nov-94 | Delta II | 2,635 (1,195) | Solar probe, orbiting Sun inside Earth's orbit. |
| NEAR (USA) | 17-Feb-96 | Delta II | 2,480 (1,125) | Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, placed in orbit around 433 Eros 14-Feb-00; first Eros orbit attempt failed Dec-99; asteroid Mathilde flyby Jun-97. Landed on Eros 12-Feb-01. |
| Mars Global Surveyor (USA) | 7-Nov-96 | Delta II | 2,341 (1,062) | Mars orbiter. Arrived 12-Sep-97 for mapping through Jan-00. Mass at Mars arrival 1,691 lb (767 kg). Contact lost 2-Nov-06. |
| Mars 96 (Russia) | 16-Nov-96 | SL-12/D-1-e | 15,045 (6,825) | Mars probe, failed to leave earth orbit. |
| Mars Pathfinder (USA) | 4-Dec-96 | Delta II | 1,962 (890) | Mars lander, first planetary rover (Sojourner). Lander mass 794 lb (360 kg); microrover 35 lb (16 kg). Landed 4-Jul-97. |
| Cassini-Huygens (USA, ESA, Italy) | 15-Oct-97 | Titan-Centaur | 12,421 (5,634) | Saturn orbiter (Cassini) and Titan probe (Huygens). Orbiter arrived at Saturn 30-Jun-2004 for start of 4-year mission. Probe successfully landed on Titan 14-Jan-2005 returning data and images. Orbiter mass 4,740 lb (2,150 kg); probe 770 lb (350 kg). |
| Nozomi (Japan) | 3-Jul-98 | M-V-3 | 1,190 (540) | Mars orbiter. Planned arrival was 11-Oct-99, but malfunctions delayed arrival to Dec-03. Mission abandoned Dec-03. |
| Mars Climate Orbiter (USA) | 11-Dec-98 | Delta II | 1,387 (629) | Mars orbiter. Lost during attempted orbit insertion 23-Sep-99 due to navigation error. |
| Mars Polar Lander (USA) | 3-Jan-99 | Delta II | 1,270 (576) | Mars lander, including Deep Space 2 microprobes. Communication lost during attempted landing 3-Dec-99. Cause of failure likely premature engine shutdown. |
| Stardust (USA) | 7-Feb-99 | Delta II | 838 (380) | Comet flyby and sample return. Encountered Comet Wild 2 on 2-Jan-04; sample cannister successfully returned to Earth 15-Jan-06. |
| 2001 Mars Odyssey (USA) | 7-Apr-01 | Delta II | 1,598 (725) | Mars orbiter. Arrived 24-Oct-01 for mapping and global observations through Aug-04. On-orbit dry mass 830 lb (376 kg). |
| Hayabusa (Japan) | 9-May-03 | M-V-5 | 1,168 (530) | Asteroid orbiter and sample return. Arrived at asteroid Itokawa Sep-05; reentry capsule was returned to Earth on 13-Jun-10. Originally named MUSES-C. |
| Mars Express (ESA) | 2-Jun-03 | Soyuz/Fregat | 2,469 (1,120) | Mars orbiter & lander (Beagle 2). Orbiter arrived 25-Dec-03. Communication with lander failed, cause unknown. Orbiter mass 249 lb (113 kg); lander 132 lb (60 kg). |
| Mars Exploration Rover A (USA) | 10-Jun-03 | Delta II | 2,343 (1,063) | Mars lander & rover (Spirit). Landed 3-Jan-04 for start of 90-day mission; last communication with Earth was sent 22-Mar-10. Lander mass 767 lb (348 kg); rover 408 lb (185 kg). |
| Mars Exploration Rover B (USA) | 7-Jul-03 | Delta II | 2,343 (1,063) | Mars lander & rover (Opportunity). Landed 24-Jan-04 for start of 90-day mission; still operating in 2012. Lander mass 767 lb (348 kg); rover 408 lb (185 kg). |
| Rosetta (ESA) | 2-Mar-04 | Ariane 5 G+ | 6,600 (3,000) | Coment orbiter and lander (Philae). Scheduled arrival at Comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is May-2014 for start of 1.5-year science mission. Two asteroid flybys planned. Orbiter mass 2,640 lb (1,200 kg); Lander mass 220 lb (100 kg). |
| MESSENGER (USA) | 3-Aug-04 | Delta II | 2,400 (1,100) | Mercury orbiter. Flybys of Mercury in Jan-08, Oct-08 and Sep-09; orbit insertion achieved 18-Mar-11 for start of planned 1-year mapping and science mission. |
| Deep Impact (USA) | 12-Jan-05 | Delta II | 2,249 (1,020) | Flyby spacecraft and impactor to study interior of Comet Tempel 1; impact successfully occured 4-Jul-05. Flyby spacecraft mass 1,433 lb (650 kg); impactor 816 lb (370 kg). |
| Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (USA) | 12-Aug-05 | Atlas V | 4,806 (2,180) | Mars orbiter. Arrived 10-Mar-06 for low-altitude science observation, site investigation for future landings, and telecommunication & navigation relay for follow-on missions. |
| Venus Express (ESA) | 9-Nov-05 | Soyuz/Fregat | 2,734 (1,240) | Venus orbiter. Arrived 11-Apr-06 for start of mission to study the planet's atmosphere. |
| New Horizons (USA) | 19-Jan-06 | Atlas V | 1,054 (478) | Pluto-Charon fly-by probe. Scheduled arrival is mid-2015 for 5-month geological study and mapping mission. |
| Phoenix (USA) | 3-Aug-07 | Delta II | 1,477 (670) | Mars lander. Landed 25-May-08 to begin 90-day mission to study the history of water and search for organic molecules in the martian arctic soil. Lander mass 772 lb (350 kg). |
| Dawn (USA) | 27-Sep-07 | Delta II | 2,685 (1,218) | Asteroid orbiter to study protoplanets with goal of characterizing the conditions and processes of the early solar system; entered orbit around Vesta 16-Jul-11, scheduled to arrive at Ceres Feb-2015. |
| Mars Science Laboratory (USA) | 26-Nov-11 | Atlas V 541 | 8,580 (3,893) | Mars rover with integrated instrument package (Curiosity). Landed 6-Aug-12 for start of 687-day (one Martian year) mission to investigate Mars' habitability, study its climate and geology, and collect data for a manned mission to Mars. Rover mass 1,980 lb (899 kg). |
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