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East
Timor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Democratic
Republic of Timor-Leste
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Motto: "Unidade, Acção, Progresso" (Portuguese)
"Unity, Action, Progress" |
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Capital
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Official
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Religion
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East Timorese
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Legislature
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1702
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Declared
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November 28, 1975
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Restoredb
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May 20, 2002
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negligible
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2013 estimate
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2012 estimate
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Total
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$2.234 billion[3]
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Per capita
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$1,847[3]
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GDP (nominal)
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2012 estimate
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Total
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$1.293 billion[3]
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Per capita
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$1,103[3]
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HDI (2013)
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Currency
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Time zone
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(UTC+9)
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a.
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Fifteen further "national languages" are recognised by the
Constitution.
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b.
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Defined as a restoration by the Constitution.
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c.
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Centavo coins also
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d.
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.tp is being phased out.
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East Timor (
i/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/) or Timor-Leste (/tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ/),
officially the Democratic Republic
of Timor-Leste,[5] is a country inMaritime Southeast
Asia.[6] It comprises the eastern half
of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, andOecusse, an exclave on
the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The country's size is about
15,410 km2(5,400 sq mi).[7]
i/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/) or Timor-Leste (/tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ/),
officially the Democratic Republic
of Timor-Leste,[5] is a country inMaritime Southeast
Asia.[6] It comprises the eastern half
of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, andOecusse, an exclave on
the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The country's size is about
15,410 km2(5,400 sq mi).[7]
East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century, and was
known as Portuguese Timor until
Portugal's decolonisation of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its
independence but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's
27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United
Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of
the territory, and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of
the 21st century on May 20, 2002. After independence, East Timor became a
member of the United Nations and
the Community
of Portuguese Language Countries. In 2011, East Timor announced its
intention to gain membership status in the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations by submitting a letter of
application to become its eleventh member.[8] It is one of only two
predominantlyChristian nations
in Southeast Asia,
the other being the Philippines.
East Timor has a lower-middle-income economy.[9] About 37.4% of the country's
population lives below the international
poverty line – which means living on less than U.S. $1.25 per
day[10] – and about 50% of the
population is illiterate.[11] It continues to suffer the
after-effects of a decades-long struggle
for independence against Indonesian occupation, which severely
damaged the country's infrastructure and killed at least 100,000 people. The
country is placed 128th on
the Human Development
Index (HDI).
Contents
[hide]
o
9.1 Arts
"Timor" derives from timur,
the word for "east" in Indonesian and Malay, which became Timor in Portuguese and
entered English as Portuguese Timor. Leste is the
Portuguese word for "east", resulting in "Timor-Leste"
(East-East). In Tetum the name is Timór Lorosa'e,
from Lorosa'e (lit "rising sun") the word for
"east" in that language.
The official names under the Constitution are República Democrática de Timor-Leste in
Portuguese and Repúblika
Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum.
The International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) official short form in English and all
other languages is Timor-Leste(codes: TLS & TL), which has been
adopted by the United Nations,[12] the European Union,[13] and the national standards
organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States (ANSI),[14] United Kingdom (BSI), Germany (DIN),
and Sweden (SIS)
all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World
Factbook [15]
Main article: History of East Timor
Descendants of at least three waves of migration
are believed to still live in East Timor. The first were related to the
principalAustraloid indigenous
groups of New Guinea and
Australia, and arrived more than 40,000 years ago. Around 3000 BC,Austronesians migrated to Timor, and are
thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.[citation needed]Thirdly, Proto-Malays arrived from south China and
north Indochina.[16] Before
European colonialism, Timor was included in Chinese and Indian
trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey,
and wax. It was the relative abundance of
sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the
early 16th century.[17]During that time, European explorers
reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.[citation needed]
Portuguese Timor
Arms (1935–1975)[18]
The Portuguese established outposts in Timor
and Maluku. Effective
European occupation of a small part of the territory began in 1769, when the
city of Dili was founded and the colony of Portuguese Timordeclared.[19] A definitive border between
the Dutch-colonised western half of the island and the Portuguese-colonised
eastern half of the island was established by the Permanent
Court of Arbitration of 1914,[20] and it remains the
international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. For the Portuguese, East Timor
remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth
century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health, and education.
Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming
significant in the mid-nineteenth century. As was often the case, Portuguese
rule was generally neglectful but exploitative where it existed.[21]
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a
faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from
its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.[21] During World War II, the
Japanese occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of
a guerrilla campaign,
known as the Battle of Timor.
Waged by Allied forces
and East Timorese volunteers against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the
deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese.[22] The Japanese eventually drove
the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of
World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated.
Following the 1974 Portuguese
revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and
civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975.
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East
Timor (Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente, Fretilin) resisted aTimorese
Democratic Union (União Democrática Timorense, UDT) coup
attempt,[23] and unilaterally
declared independence on November 28, 1975. Fearing a communist
state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military, with western
support, launched an invasion
of East Timor in December 1975. Indonesia declared East Timor
its 27th province on 17 July 1976 (Timor Timur).[24] The UN Security Council
opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as
"non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration".[25]
A demonstration
for independence
from Indonesia held in Australia during September 1999
Indonesia's
occupation of East Timor was marked by violence and brutality.
A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in
East Timor cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related
deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and
84,200 "excess" deaths from hunger and illness.[26] The East Timorese guerrilla
force (Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, Falintil) fought a campaign against the
Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1999.[citation needed] The
invasion was supported by the United States.[27][28][29]
José Ramos-Horta,
1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, second President of East Timor
The 1991 Dili Massacre was a turning point for the
independence cause internationally, and an East Timor
solidarity movement grew in Portugal, Australia, and other
western countries.
Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, a
UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a
UN-supervised popular referendum in
August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign
of violence by East Timorese pro-integration
militia with the support of elements of the Indonesian
military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led international
peacekeeping force was deployed until order was restored. In late 1999, the
administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET).[30] The INTERFET deployment ended
in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.[31] By May 2002, over 205,000
refugees had returned,[32] and East Timorese independence
was formalised on 20 May 2002 with Xanana Gusmão sworn in as the country's
first President. East Timor became a member of the UN in 2002.[33]
The following year, Gusmão declined another
presidential term and in the build-up to the April
2007 presidential elections there were renewed outbreaks of
violence. José Ramos-Horta was
elected President in
the May 2007 election.[34] Ramos-Horta was critically
injured in an attempted
assassination in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also
faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were
immediately sent to help keep order.[35] In 2006, the United Nations
sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting
forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In
March 2011, the UN handed-off operational control of the police force to the
East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on
December 31, 2012.[36]
Main article: Politics of East
Timor
.jpg)
Government Palace
in Dili.
Presidential Palace
in Dili.
The head of state of East Timor is the President of the
Republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term.
Although his executive powers are somewhat limited, the president does have
veto power over government's legislation. Following elections, the president
appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the Prime Minister
of East Timor. As head of government,
the prime minister presides over the cabinet.
The unicameral East Timorese parliament is
the National
Parliament or Parlamento Nacional, whose members
are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary
from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese
constitution was modeled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the
process of building its administration and governmental institutions.
Government departments include the Polícia
Nacional de Timor-Leste(police), East Timor Ministry for State and
Internal Administration, Civil
Aviation Division of Timor-Leste, and Immigration Department of
Timor-Leste.[citation needed]
Main articles: Districts of East
Timor, Subdistricts of
East Timor and Sucos of East Timor
Administrative
divisions of East Timor
East Timor is divided into thirteen administrative
districts, which, in turn, are subdivided into 65 subdistricts, 442sucos (villages),
and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets).[37]
Main articles: Foreign
relations of East Timor and Timor Leste
Defence Force
East Timor sought membership in the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal
application was submitted in March 2011.[38] Indonesia supports East Timor's bid to
join ASEAN.
F-FDTL soldiers
standing in formation
The Timor Leste Defence Force (Forças de Defesa de
Timor-Leste, F-FDTL) is the military body responsible for the defence
of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small
infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units.
The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor
from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps
with that of the National
Police of East Timor (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL).
This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been
exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.
The F-FDTL's problems came to a head in 2006 when
almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and
poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the
F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign
peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign
assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.
Main article: Geography of East
Timor
Com Beach, East
Timor
Located in Southeast Asia,[39] the island of Timor is
part of the Maritime Southeast
Asia, and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands.
To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea. The Timor Sea separates the island from Australia to the south, and the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara lies
to East Timor's west.
Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest
is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau)
at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft). The climate is tropical and generally hot and
humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital,
largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern
town of Baucau. East Timor lies between
latitudes 8° and 10°S, and
longitudes 124° and 128°E.
Mountains in Aileu
The easternmost area of East Timor consists of
the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the
county's first conservation area, the Nino Konis
Santana National Park.[40] It contains the last
remaining tropical dry forested
area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species
and is sparsely populated.[41] The northern coast is
characterised by a number of coral reefsystems that have been determined to
be at risk.[42]
Main article: Economy of East Timor
East Timor Export
Treemap, 2010
A filial of the
Portuguese bank Caixa Geral de
Depósitos, in Dili
Commerce in Baucau
East Timor has a market economy that used to depend
upon exports of a few commodities such as coffee, marble, oil,
and sandalwood.[43] East Timor's economy grew by
about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.[44]
Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas
reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on
subsistence farming.[45] Nearly half the population
lives in extreme poverty.[45]
The Timor-Leste
Petroleum Fund was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had
reached a worth of US$8.7 billion.[46] East Timor is labelled by the
International Monetary Fund as the "most oil-dependent economy in the
world".[47] The Petroleum Fund pays for
nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70
million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012.[46]
The economy is dependent on government spending
and, to a lesser extent, assistance from international donors.[48] Private sector development has
lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete
legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.[48] After petroleum, the second
largest export is coffee, which generates about $10 million a year.[48] Starbucks is a major purchaser of East
Timorese coffee.[49]
Dili's
Harbour
9,000 tonnes of coffee, 108 tonnes of cinnamon and
161 tonnes of cocoa were harvested in 2012 making the country the 40th ranked producer
of coffee, the 6th ranked producer of cinnamon and the 50th ranked producer of
cocoa worldwide.[50]
According to data gathered in the 2010 census,
87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people)households
have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.[51]
The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active
population.[52] In 2009, about 67,000
households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor.[52] Currently, the gross margins are about $120 per hectare,
with returns per labor-day of about $3.70.[52] There are 11,000 household
growing mungbeans as of 2009, most of them
subsistence farmers.[52]
The country was ranked 169th overall and last in
the East Asia and Pacific region by the Doing Business 2013
report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the
'registering property', 'enforcing contracts' and 'resolving insolvency'
categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.[53]
In regards to telecommunications infrastructure,
Timor-Leste is the 2nd to last ranked Asian country in the World Economic
Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) with only Myanmar falling behind it in
southeast Asia. NRI is an indicator for determining the development level of a
country’s information and communication technologies. Timor-Leste ranked number
141 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 134 in 2013.[54]
The Portuguese colonial administration granted
concessions to Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural
gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by
the Indonesian invasion in 1976.[citation needed] The
resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989.[55] East Timor inherited no
permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence.[citation needed] A
provisional agreement (the Timor Sea Treaty, signed when East Timor
became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area
(JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East
Timor and 10% to Australia.[56] An agreement in 2005 between
the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put
aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive
50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated atA$26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the
lifetime of the project)[57] from the Greater Sunrise
development.[58] In 2013, East Timor launched a
case at the Permanent
Court of Arbitration in The Hague to pull out of a gas treaty
that it had signed with Australia, accusing the Australian
Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) of bugging the
East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.[59]
There are no patent laws in East Timor.[60]
An East Timorese in
traditional dress
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Historical populations
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Year
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Pop.
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±%
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1980
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555,350
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—
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1990
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747,557
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+34.6%
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2001
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787,340
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+5.3%
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2004
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923,198
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+17.3%
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2010
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1,066,582
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+15.5%
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Source:
2010 census[61]
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Main article: Demographics of
East Timor
The population of East Timor is about 1,143,667.[6] The population is especially concentrated
in the area around Dili.[citation needed]
The word Maubere,[62] formerly used by the
Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous
with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by FReTiLIn as a term of pride.[63] They consist of a number of
distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Malayo-Polynesian and
Melanesian/Papuandescent.[citation needed] The
largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetum[64] (100,000), primarily in the
north coast and around Dili; the Mambai (80,000), in the central mountains; the Tukudede (63,170), in the area
around Maubara and Liquiçá; the Galoli (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae
and Makasae; the Kemak(50,000) in north-central Timor island;
and the Baikeno (20,000), in the area
around Pante Macassar.[citation needed]
The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin
include the Bunak (50,000), in the central interior
of Timor island; the Fataluku (30,000),
at the eastern tip of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae, toward the eastern end of the island.[citation needed] As
a result of interracial marriagewhich
was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed
East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as mestiços. There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka. Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.[65]
Main article: Languages of East
Timor
Major language
groups in East Timor by suco
East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. Tetum belongs to the Austronesian family
of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia.[66]
The 2010 census found that the most commonly
spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 36.6% of
the population),Mambai (12.5%), Makasai (9.7%), Tetum Terik (6.0%), Baikenu (5.9%), Kemak (5.9%), Bunak (5.3%), Tokodede (3.7%), and Fataluku(3.6%). Other indigenous languages
largely accounted for the remaining 10.9%, while Portuguese was spoken natively
by just under 600 people.[67]
Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was
banned and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices,
schools and public business.[68] During the Indonesian occupation,
Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese
people in opposing Javanese culture.[69] Portuguese was adopted as one
of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as
a link to Lusophone nations
in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help
of Brazil, Portugal, and the Community
of Portuguese Language Countries.[70]
Indonesian and English are defined as working
languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions,
without setting a final date. Aside from Tetum,Ethnologue lists the following indigenous
languages: Adabe, Baikeno,
Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki,
Kemak, Lakalei,
Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a.[71] It is estimated that English
is understood by 31.4% of the population. 35% speak, read, and write Portuguese
as of 2012, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN
Development Report.[72][73]
East Timor is a member of the Community
of Portuguese Language Countries (also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth) and of the Latin Union.[74]
According to the Atlas
of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered
languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a.[75]
Portuguese School
of Díli.
East Timor's adult literacy rate in 2010 was 58.3 per cent,
up from just 37.6% in 2001.[76] Illiteracy is higher among
women.In schools it is believed that corporal punishment still occurs in some
situations and attendance is so important teachers would make way to find out
why you aren't in school with punishments intended if reasons aren't
valid. [77] Illiteracy was at 95 per cent
at the end of Portuguese rule.[78] In 2006, 10% to 30% of
primary-school age children did not attend school.[79]
The National
University of East Timor is the country's main university.
There are also four colleges.[80]
Since independence, both Indonesian and
Tetum have lost ground as mediums of instruction,
while Portuguese has
increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school
students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to
81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.[81] Indonesian formerly played a
considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school
students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools
only in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district.[81]
Life expectancy at birth was at 60.7 in
2007.[77] The fertility rate is at six
births per woman.[77] Healthy life expectancy at
birth was at 55 years in 2007.[77] Government expenditure on
health was at US$150 (PPP) per person in 2006.[77] There were two hospitals and
14 village healthcare facilities in 1974. By 1994, there were 11 hospitals and
330 healthcare centres.[80]
The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births
for East Timor is 370. This is compared with 928.6 in 2008 and 1016.3 in 1990.
The under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 60 and the neonatal mortality
rate per 1,000 live births is 27.[82] The number of midwives per
1,000 live births is 8 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1
in 44.[83]
The country has one of the highest smoking rates in
the world, with 33% of the population, including 61% of men, smoking daily.[84]
By 2015, due to a Cuban–East
Timorese training programme initiated in 2003, East Timor will have more doctors per capita than any other country in
southeast Asia.[85]
According to the Global Hunger Index of
2013, East Timor has an GHI indicator value of 29.6 indicating that the nation
has an 'Alarming Hunger Situation' earning the nation the distinction of being
the hungriest country in the entire continent of Asia and the 4th hungriest
nation in the world.[86]
In 2007, a bad harvest led to deaths in several
parts of East Timor. By November, eleven subdistricts still needed food
supplied by international aid.[87]
Main article: Religion in East
Timor
.jpg)
The Church of São António de Motael, Dili
According to the 2010 census, 96.9% of the
population profess Catholicism;
2.2% Protestantism or Evangelicalism; 0.3% are Muslim;
and 0.5% practise some other or no religion.[88]
The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974
to over 800 in 1994,[80] with Church membership having
grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila,
Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise
traditional beliefs. In rural areas, Catholicism is practised along with local
traditions.[89]
While the Constitution of
East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation
of church and state in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges
"the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national
liberation".[90] Upon independence, the country
joined thePhilippines to become the only two
predominantly Roman Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern
Indonesia such as West Timorand Flores also have Catholic majorities.
The Roman Catholic Church divides
East Timor into three
dioceses: the Diocese of
Díli, the Diocese of
Baucau, and the Diocese
of Maliana.[91]
Main article: Culture of East Timor
Sacred house (lee
teinu) inLospalos
The culture of East Timor reflects numerous
influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on
Timor's indigenousAustronesian and Melanesian cultures. East Timorese
culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East
Timorese creation myth has
it that an aging crocodile transformed
into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had
helped the crocodile when it was sick.[92] As a result, the island is
shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese
who inhabit it. The phrase "leaving the crocodile" refers to the
pained exile of East Timorese from their island.
There is also a strong tradition[clarification
needed] of poetry in the country.[citation needed] Prime
Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet.[citation needed]
Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be
found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are
known as uma lulik ("sacred
houses") in Tetum and lee teinu ("legged houses")
in Fataluku.[citation needed] Craftsmanship
and the weaving of traditional scarves (tais) is also widespread.[citation needed]
An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual
material is held at the National
Film and Sound Archive of Australia. These holdings have been
identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which
features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving
image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history
and culture of East Timor since the early 20th century.[93] The NFSA is working with the
East Timor government to ensure that all of this material can be used and
accessed by the people of that country.[94] In 2013 the first East
Timorese feature film, Beatriz's War, was released.[95]
The cuisine of East Timor consists
of regional popular foods such as pork, fish, basil, tamarind, legumes, corn,
rice, root vegetables, and tropical fruit. East Timorese cuisine has influences
from Southeast Asian foods
and from Portuguese dishes from
its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former
Portuguese colonies can be found due to the centuries-old Portuguese presence
on the island.
Sports organisations joined by East Timor include
the International
Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF),
the International Badminton Federation (IBF), joined the Union
Cycliste Internationale, the International Weightlifting Federation,
the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), and East
Timor's national football team joined FIFA.
East Timorese athletes competed in the 2003 Southeast
Asian Games held 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN Paralympics Games, East Timor won a
bronze medal. In the Athens 2004 Olympic
Games, East Timorese athletes participated in athletics,
weightlifting and boxing. East Timor won
three medals in Arnis
at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. East Timor competed in the first Lusophony Games and, in October 2008, the
country earned its first international points in a FIFA football
match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.[96] East Timor competed at
the 2014 Winter Olympics.
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ASEAN
1.
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Indonesia". University of Coimbra website.
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23. Jump up^ Ricklefs, M. C.
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28. Jump up^ The National Security
Archive: Photocopy from Gerald R. Ford Library: Sentitive eyes
only (PDF; 86 kB) 30 December 1974.
29. Jump up^ The National Security
Archive: Photocopy from Gerald R. Ford Library: Sentitive eyes
only (PDF; 317 kB) 4 March 1974.
30. Jump up^ "UNITED
NATIONS TRANSITIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN EAST TIMOR – UNTAET".
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31. Jump up^ Etan/Us (February 15,
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32. Jump up^ "East Timor: More than 1,000 refugees return since
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34. Jump up^ "East Timor May Be Becoming Failed State".
London: Web.archive.org. January 13, 2008. Archived from the original on January 13, 2008.
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35. Jump up^ "Asia-Pacific | Shot East Timor leader
'critical'". BBC News. February 11, 2008. Retrieved July
17, 2011.
38. Jump up^ "East Timor aims to join ASEAN".
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39. Jump up^ "United Nations". United Nations.
Archived from the original on 2010-04-02.
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40. Jump up^ "Nino Konis Santana National Park declared as
Timor-Leste's (formerly East Timor) first national park".
Wildlife Extra.
41. Jump up^ Norwegian energy and Water
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Assessment
42. Jump up^ "ReefGIS – Reefs At Risk – Global 1998".
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43. Jump up^ de Brower, Gordon (2001),
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44. Jump up^ "Timor-Leste's Economy Remains Strong, Prospects for
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46. ^ Jump up to:a b "Observers divided over oil fund investment".
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2012.
51. Jump up^ "Highlights of the 2010 Census Main Results in
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52. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Expanding Timor - Leste's Near - Term Non - Oil
Exports". World Bank. August 2010. pp. iii.
55. Jump up^ "TIMOR GAP TREATY between Australia and the Republic
of Indonesia…". Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements
Project. Archived from the original on 2005-06-16.
Retrieved 2013-02-11.
56. Jump up^ "The Timor Sea Treaty: Are the Issues
Resolved?". Aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04.
Retrieved July 17, 2011.
57. Jump up^ Geoff A. McKee, oil and gas
expert engineer, Lecturer, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. "McKee: How much is Sunrise really worth?: True
Value of a Timor Sea Gas Resource (26 Mar 05)".
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58. Jump up^ "Prime
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59. Jump up^ Australian Broadcasting
Corporation (5 December 2013). "East Timor spying case: PM Xanana Gusmao calls for
Australia to explain itself over ASIO raids". Australian
Broadcasting Corporation.
61. Jump up^ "Population and Housing Census 2010: Preliminary
Results". Direcção Nacional de Estatística.
63. Jump up^ Fox, James J.; Soares,
Dionisio Babo (2000). Out of the Ashes: Destruction and Reconstruction of East
Timor. C. Hurst. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-85065-554-1.
64. Jump up^ Taylor, Jean Gelman
(2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale University Press.
p. 378. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.
65. Jump up^ Constâncio Pinto; Matthew
Jardine (1997). East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the East
Timorese Resistance. South End Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-89608-541-1.
66. Jump up^ Taylor, Jean Gelman
(2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press. p. page 378. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.
67. Jump up^ "Table 13: Population
distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District". Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas. Population
and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2010 (Timor-Leste Ministry of
Finance). p. 205.
68. Jump up^ Gross, Max L. (14 February
2008). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast
Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. Government Printing
Office. p. 119.ISBN 978-0-16-086920-4.
69. Jump up^ Jarnagin, Laura (1 April
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1511-2011. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
p. 106. ISBN 978-981-4345-50-7.
76. Jump up^ "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy
rates (15-24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)". UNESCO
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78. Jump up^ Roslyn Appleby
(2010-08-30). ELT, Gender and International Development: Myths of
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2012). "Cuban infusion remains the lifeblood of
Timor-Leste's health service". London: guardian.co.uk.
86. Jump up^ Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and
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Areas". Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste,
2010. Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. p. 21.
89. Jump up^ Hajek, John; Tilman,
Alexandre Vital (2001-10-01). East Timor Phrasebook. Lonely Planet.
p. 56. ISBN 978-1-74059-020-4.
92. Jump up^ Wise, Amanda (2006), Exile
and Return Among the East Timorese, Philadelphia, PA: University of
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96. Jump up^ Madra, Ek
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point". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
·
Cashmore, Ellis (1988). Dictionary of Race
and Ethnic Relations. New York: Routledge.ASIN B000NPHGX6
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Charny, Israel W. Encyclopedia of Genocide
Volume I. Denver: Abc Clio.
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Dunn, James (1996). East Timor: A People
Betrayed. Sydney: ABC Books.
·
Hägerdal, Hans (2012), Lords of the Land,
Lords of the Sea; Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800. Oapen.org
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Leach, Michael, and Damien Kingsbury, eds. The
Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation After Intervention (Cornell
Southeast Asia Program, distributed by Cornell University Press; 2013) 292
pages;
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Levinson, David. Ethnic Relations.
Denver: Abc Clio.
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Rudolph, Joseph R. Encyclopedia of Modern
Ethnic Conflicts. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101–106.
·
Shelton, Dinah. Encyclopedia of Genocide
and Crimes Against Humanity. Thompson Gale.
·
Taylor, John G. (1999). East Timor: The
Price of Freedom. Australia: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-85649-840-1.
·
East Timor: a bibliography, a
bibliographic reference, Jean A. Berlie,
launched by PMXanana Gusmão,
Indes Savantes editor, Paris, France, published in 2001. ISBN 978-2-84654-012-4, ISBN 978-2-84654-012-4.
·
East Timor, politics and elections (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望, Jean A. Berlie, Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007.
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·
Timor-Leste entry at The World Factbook
·
East Timor from UCB Libraries
GovPubs
·
Timor-Leste at DMOZ
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